列王纪下（第一至二十五章）- 耶和华立王废王（二）

代下三十二：27- 33  “27希西家（Hezekiah 715-687/686BC）大有尊荣资财。建造府库，收藏金银、宝石、香料、盾牌和各样的宝器；28又建造仓房，收藏五谷、新酒和油，又为各类牲畜盖棚立圈；29并且建立城邑，还有许多的羊群牛群，因为上帝赐他极多的财产。30这希西家也塞住基训（Gihon）的上源，引水直下，流在大卫城的西边。希西家所行的事，尽都亨通。31惟有一件事，就是巴比伦王差遣使者来见希西家，访问国中所现的奇事；这件事上帝离开他，要试验他，好知道他心内如何。32希西家其余的事和他的善行，都写在亚摩斯（Amoz）的儿子先知以赛亚的默示书上和犹大、以色列的诸王记上。33希西家与他列祖同睡，葬在大卫子孙的高陵上。他死的时候，犹大人和耶路撒冷的居民都尊敬他。他儿子玛拿西（Manasseh 687/686-642BC）接续他作王。”

这是总结希西家在位时所立的功绩。他大有尊荣资财。。。这些我不提了。学者津津乐道的却是“希西家水道”（Hezekiah's Tunnel），也就是代下三十二：30 说的 “希西家也塞住基训（Gihon）的上源，引水直下，流在大卫城的西边。”

我在第二十四课已经介绍了“希西家水道”，这里再加补充。

古时耶路撒冷（大卫城）的水供系统共有三种：

A。大卫要攻打在主前十一/十世纪迦南的耶布斯人（Canaanite-Jebusite city）占领之下的古城时，撒下五：8说：“当日大卫说：‘谁攻打耶布斯人，当上水沟攻打我心里所恨恶的瘸子，瞎子。’。。”代上十一：6 说：“大卫说：‘谁先攻打耶布斯人（ Jebusites），必作首领元帅。’洗鲁雅（Zeruiah）的儿子约押（Joab）先上去，就作了元帅。”这里的“水沟”（the gutter or the water shaft）希伯来文 tsinnor ，有的学者说就是十九世纪英国工程师华温爵士（Charles Warren）所发现，以他的名字命名的“华温水沟” Warren's Shaft）。哈尔逊（R K Harrison）著《旧约背景》（Old Testament Times）（种籽出版社，1994年）提供以下的背景资料：

由于耶路撒冷身处的位置，它没有足够的水源，只能倚靠地下贮水池和水库。它最近的水泉基训泉（Spring of Gihon），是在俄斐勒（Ophel）山西南的汲沦谷（Kidron Valley）中，在更南面，有另一水源，是位于汲沦谷与欣嫩子谷交界的隐罗结（Enrogel）井。华温（Warren）发现耶布斯人学效基色及米吉多的居民，凿穿岩石，使成为隧道，然后将从基训泉注进巨穴内的水引出来，使之从地底经过俄斐勒丘陵，直引进一在地下四十尺的深邃壁穴。这个水库要用垂直的井状通道才能进入，故此，当地居民只要随便垂下盛器，便可取用需用的水。沿着这路虽也能够到达堡垒，但对入侵者而言，这是一个艰巨的阻碍。而入侵 的步骤是毋庸争论的，因为从研究乌加列楔形文字，显示“排水沟”或“井状水道”等字乃迦南字“钩”之意。故此，人若要进城，则靠爪钩、梯钩，或类似的器具。锡安山位于耶路撒冷东部，是一座不高的山，从它掘出了一堵留有巨大罅隙的石墙，这墙可能建于大卫时代。（完）

B。第二个水供系统称为 Siloam Channel （西罗亚水道），也是源自基训泉（Spring of Gihon），沿着谷床向南流，部分流通石头盖着的岩石沟，部分透过石凿的隧道，全长约 1300尺。这条水道将水导向大卫城南部的贮水池，也作为灌溉汲沦谷里田地用的水。由于整条水道都在城外，所以只是作为和平时期使用。

C。在主前八世纪建造的希西家水道（Hezekiah's Tunnel）：为了防备亚述王西拿基立的入侵，希西家作好准备功夫，加强耶路撒冷的防御设备，这都记载在代下三十二：1-8，我们在第二十四课已经查考。在防御工程中最著名的就是他命令工程师修筑水道，将基训泉的水引入城中。水道全长 534米，平均高度由六尺，穿过坚石，出口在旧城的东南角，后来称为西罗亚水池的地方。

大家可以透过以下的图片对这三个系统有更多的了解：（取自 BAR 7:04, Jul/Aug 1981，Jerusalem’s Water Supply During Siege—The Rediscovery of Warren’s Shaft，By Yigal Shiloh）

　

所罗门时代的耶路撒冷 At the far right, on the exposed bedrock of the Temple Mount stands Solomon’s Temple (1 圣殿). To its left is the royal palace complex (2 皇宫) and the citadel (3 城堡). Although we have no remains to guide our reconstruction of these grand royal buildings erected on the crest of the hill, archaeologist Yigal Shiloh uncovered 44 feet of the stepped stone structure (4 石级型的建筑物) that may well have supported the large public buildings. Simple square houses built on terraces, some two-stories, cover the southern area of the hill within the city walls. Their appearance reflects archaeological remains of walls, stairways, and supporting pillars found in Israelite houses in Jerusalem. The houses also resemble 20th-century Arab homes still clustered terrace upon terrace in the village of Silwan on the hill just east of the City of David. The first Jerusalem began on the steep, inhospitable hill pictured here, rather than on the higher, less precipitous hill to its west because a perennial spring watered the eastern hill, whereas on the west, the hill was dry. By the time of Solomon two systems were in place that used the waters of the Spring Gihon (5 基训泉). A shaft (6 华温水沟), now called Warren’s shaft, gave safe access to the spring’s water from within the city walls. The water also ran into a conduit called the Siloam channel (7 西罗亚水道) that carried water south along the eastern flank of the hill to a storage pool (8 贮水池) at the southern end of the city. Windows (9 开孔) in the channel allowed water to be released into the fields to water the village crops.

　

大卫城的三个供水系统 红色线 - 希西家水道（Hezekiah's Tunnel） 蓝色线 - 西罗亚水道（Siloam channel） 华温水沟（Warren's Shaft）

　

华温水沟（ Warren's Shaft）和希西家水道的图解 We begin with an upper entry tunnel (1). This leads to a vaulted chamber (2). At the opposite end of the vaulted chamber is the entrance to a long, diagonal stepped-tunnel (3) going deeper underground. At the bottom of this stepped-tunnel is a horizontal tunnel (4). Note that on the surface, the city wall (x) sits above the point where the stepped-tunnel (3) meets the horizontal tunnel (4). The horizontal tunnel leads to a vertical shaft (5), down which the ancient water drawer would drop a bucket held by a rope in order to draw up the water. At the bottom of this shaft is a water tunnel (6), which carried the water from the Gihon Spring to a pool at the shaft base. At the other end of this tunnel is, of course, the Gihon Spring (7). There was also a side entrance (8) to the horizontal tunnel. Another shaft, possibly a natural feature, which we call the “experimental shaft” is noted at (9). Finally, Hezekiah’s Tunnel branches off at (10).

华温水沟（ Warren's Shaft）和希西家水道的图解 Above Ground plan and cross section of Warren's Shaft and Hezekiah's Tunnel.Jurusalem's water supply was fully guaranteed by the Gihon spring. Since the spring lay outside the city, the Jebusites had already dug a shaft, through which one could reach the spring from the city unobserved. Towards 700BC, under threat from the Assyrian king Sennacherib, King Hezekiah had a 512 meter long tunnel bored from the spring to the pool of Siloam. We know that the work was begun at both ends, from a Hebrew inscription which celebrates the meeting of the two groups of tunnel workers.

　

华温水沟（ Warren's Shaft）、西罗亚水道（Siloam channel）和希西家水道（Hezekiah's Tunnel）另一图解 The water from the Gihon Springs followed a natural tunnel to the base of the shaft discovered by Warren. This shaft was developed from a natural sinkhole that extended down to the natural tunnel of water from the Gihon Springs. City planners widened the sinkhole and developed a tunnel to reach it from the upper ground level of the city from within the city’s walls. Warren’s Shaft functioned like a well. A person at the top of the shaft in the inclined tunnel could lower a bucket on a rope to the bottom of the 40 foot shaft to get fresh water from the reservoir below. A person could reach this inclined tunnel by entering a vaulted chamber from the ground level, walking down a steep, stepped tunnel, then using a ladder to descend a nine-foot scarp drop to arrive in the inclined tunnel. The entrance to this water system was within the city walls, while the Gihon Springs were outside the walls. Joab could have entered the city through Warren's Shaft, or he may have used the natural tunnel before it was blocked , to access the inclined plane and ascend into the city.

　

华温水沟（ Warren's Shaft）（向下望） Warren’s Shaft – discovered in 1867 by Warren. This shaft is a rock-hewn tunnel that is first descended on steps into a horizontal tunnel that runs for about 135 feet to a depth of about 42 feet. This shaft ends at the top of a vertical shaft that goes straight down into the Gihon Springs about 40 feet below. This 40 foot vertical shaft was used by the people to draw or pump water to the top of the shaft where it could be collected by people who had descended down the stairs and though the 135 foot horizontal shaft. A hydrogeological survey of this water system revealed that both the vertical shaft and the horizontal shaft were natural tunnels that were adapted and cut wider by the ancient city planners. This is the water shaft used by David and his men to enter and attack Jerusalem when it was occupied by the Jebusites in 2 Samuel 5:8.

　

希西家水道（Hezekiah's Tunnel）进口	希西家水道（Hezekiah's Tunnel）

　

基训泉的水从石级下流入这个石室，再从这里分头引到华温水沟（ Warren's Shaft）和希西家水道 Gushing from the eastern slope of the Hill of Ophel, the Gihon spring flows into this rock chamber from beneath the steps in the background. The water level rises and falls, a characteristic of the spring which is preserved in its Hebrew name Gihon; gicha in Hebrew means “rush or gush forth.” To walk the length of Hezekiah’s Tunnel visitors enter this chamber and from it follow the winding tunnel to its end on the western slope in the Pool of Siloam. Before a blocking wall was built, the spring water also flowed from here into the chamber below Warren’s Shaft. The Warren’s Shaft system permitted residents within the city to walk underground to the top of the vertical shaft and from there to draw water in a lowered bucket without venturing outside the protecting city walls.

 
“希西家（Hezekiah 715-687/686BC）与他列祖同睡。他儿子玛拿西（Manasseh 687/686-642BC）接续他作王。”  --  对希西家的盖棺论定，我留给大家在课堂上分析。他死后，儿子玛拿西（Manasseh 687/686-642BC）接续他作王。玛拿西是一个怎样的王呢？我们下一课再谈。